Runners who habitually run barefoot land on the forefoot during the running cycle. Pronators land on the outside of the heel and then finish mid to medial forefoot. Supinators will finish stance phase on the lateral forefoot and may not even cause significant heel wear if they are forefoot strikers. Running Biomechanics During the running gait cycle, the foot will absorb up to 3 times body weight when striking the ground. However, there is new evidence that suggests that shoes inhibit some adaptive pronation during running gait, which likely protects runners from injury.
This occurs because the foot has a greater degree of plantarflexion at footstrike as well as more compliant ankles. During heelstrike, the ankle is stiffer and unable to distribute impact forces as it would if the footstrike occurred in the midfoot or forefoot. This implies as well that barefoot runners who do not adjust their footstrike to midfoot or forefoot strike from heelstrike, will have an increased risk of stress fracture injuries because of the way the impact forces are absorbed.
This consists of follow through, forward swing, and foot descent, ending with footstrike which begins the stance phase again.
Rectus femoris is active during the middle of swing phase. The quadriceps begin to show activity during late swing. The opposite leg is finishing its stance phase at this time.
Note that in both stance and swing phase, the adductors are active throughout the running gait cycle. To understand the running cycle, one has to have an understanding of the functional anatomy involved in the running gait.
Here we review the lower extremity anatomy and the function of various aspects during the running cycle. The actions of pronation and supination lead to various changes throughout the kinetic chain during the running gait cycle. As pronation occurs, the subtalar joint everts, the forefoot abducts, and the ankle talocrural joint dorsiflexes and internally rotates the tibia. The knee follows in a flexed and valgus position. This leads to hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
When this occurs, the ipsilateral pelvis rotates anteriorly and elevates to rotate forward on the side of pronation. This series of events along the kinetic chain occur through initial and midstance phase of the running gait cycle. As supination occurs, the subtalar joint inverts, the forefoot adducts, the ankle talocrural joint plantarflexes, and the tibia externally rotates. At this time, the knee extends into a varus position. This leads to hip extension, abduction, and external rotation.
The pelvis rotates posteriorly and depresses on the side of supination. Finally, the lumbosacral joint extends and laterally flexes away from the side of supination. Foot and Ankle Running requires the body to absorb continuous repeated impact forces that are initially absorbed by the foot and the ankle and then transferred up the kinetic chain during the stance phase.
These actions occur at the subtalar joint, which is between the talus and calcaneus. This allows the foot and ankle to function efficiently during stance phase running as the impact absorber during pronation and lever arm for propulsion during supination.
The subtalar joint everts the foot, causing pronation on impact. During pronation, the foot is everted, the forefoot is abducted, and the ankle is dorsiflexed. Pronation allows for flexibility in the foot and ankle to accommodate for different running surfaces. The foot is maximally pronated at about halfway through the stance phase. Running ankle joint ranges of motion. Because of varying degrees of hindfoot varus and valgus and forefoot varus valgus, each individual has varying degrees of pronation and supination during footstrike and take-off Figs.
Knee As mentioned, during pronation, the knee is in valgus position and flexes. Running pronation and supination of the foot. Running knee joint ranges of motion. Knee flexion range of motion during running gait cycle. The vastus lateralis, the rectus femoris, the vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis all combine at the superior pole of the patella to extend the knee.
Rectus femoris also contributes as a hip flexor during swing. The quadriceps relax at full flexion and then ultimately contract to begin extension of the knee during late swing phase. Greater stride lengths increase ground reaction forces at impact, possibly interfering with coordination between the knee and ankle joints and increasing risk of injury Fig.
The hip adducts during stance phase and abducts during swing phase. This is when the hamstrings and hip extensors are most active.
The hip increases flexion range of motion as velocity increases. The hip will have peak extension at toe-off, which is mostly facilitated by the gluteus maximus. Hip flexion and extension during the running gait cycle. This can vary between runners. This mainly occurs in the sagittal plane of the body.
In addition, the amount of extension in the hip decreases slightly as velocity increases. This is unique from the walking gait cycle in which they are only active from swing phase to the middle of stance phase. The pelvis relies on symmetry to function during the running cycle. The planes of motion of the pelvis are rotational, anterior-posterior, and medio-lateral. Pelvic biomechanical abnormalities that lead to the most injuries in runners include exces- sive anterior pelvic tilt, excessive lateral tilt, and asymmetric hip movement.
This abnormal pelvic orientation can also lead to excess strain placed on the hamstrings, which can increase rates of injury. As stance phase begins, the pelvis begins to anteriorly tilt. Hip and lower extremity movement through the running cycle requires a stable and strong core muscle group to allow for motion and limit injury. The dynamic components of the upper torso consist of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae with supporting ligaments and muscles.
There are 29 core muscles that work together to stabilize the spine, pelvis, and kinetic chain. Effects of shoe bending stiffness A review study summarized that shoe bending stiffness was related to changes in lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics as well as athletic performance Stefanyshyn and Wannop, Effects of heel flare, heel-toe drop, Massai Barefoot Technology MBT , and heel cup The outcomes related to heel flare, heel-toe drop, MBT, and heel cup were associated with insufficient studies to make strong conclusions and therefore require further investigation.
Conclusion Over the past decades, most of the included articles focused on midsole and minimalist constructions. Employment PhD Candidate. Degree Master of Science Kinesiology. Research interests Sport science, footwear biomechanics E-mail: moc. Employment Senior Researcher. Degree PhD. Research interests Sport science, footwear biomechanics E-mail: nc.
Employment Graduate Student. Employment Associate Professor. Research interests Musculoskeletal functions of the foot and ankle, and human performance e. References Alessandro L. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Ergonomics 46 , Plos one 10 , e Journal of Science Medicine in Sport 18 , Computer Methods Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 20 , British Journal of Sports Medicine 47 , Clinical Biomechanics 24 , Procedia Engineering 2 , Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association , Gait Posture 40 , European Journal of Applied Physiology , Lau F.
Ching E. Zhang J. Cheung R. European Journal of Sport Science 18 , Journal of Sport and Health Science 8 , — British Journal of Sports Medicine 50 , Footwear Science 7 , Footwear Science 3 , Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 8 , Gait Posture 33 , Journal of Science Medicine in Sport 19 , Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 14 , Sports Medicine 45 , Journal of Athletic Training 51 , American Journal of Sports Medicine 45 , Journal of Science and Medicine in sport 20 , Journal of Athletic Training 50 , Journal of Sports Science 27 , Research in Sports Medicine 18 , Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 36 , Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26 , Journal of Sports Science 29 , Sports Medicine 48 , Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 56 , Journal of Special Operations Medicine 16 , Journal of Sports Science , Journal of Translational Medicine 16 , Journal of Sport and Health Science 7 , Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63 , Journal of Applied Biomechanics 25 , Footwear Science 8 , American Journal of Sports Medicine 44 , Journal of Science Medicine in Sport 20 , Footwear Science 5 , Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 13 , British Journal of Sports Medicine 48 , Footwear Science 7 , SS International Journal of Exercise Science 11 , Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 11 , Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 98 , Journal of Biomechanics 53 , Peer J ournal 5 , e Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 45 , — Current Sports Medicine Reports 11 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 23 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 38 , Foot and Ankle International 33 , Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32 , Journal of Sports Sciences 33 , Sports Biomechanics 3 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 32 , Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30 , Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 6 , Sports engineering 2 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 34 , Clinical Biomechanics Bristol, Avon 9 , Journal of Sports Science 30 , Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 24 , Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29 , Medicine and Science of Sports and Exercise 46 , Sports Biomechanics.
Published online. Plos one 12 , e European Journal of Sport Science 17 , Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. Hong et al. Elastic-covered running shoes ES. Hagen and Hennig, ALL7 all 7 eyelets. Hagen et al. Skipping the 6th eyelet A Hoogkamer et al. Adidas racing shoe Adidas. Madden et al. Began at 2. Bending stiffness: 1. Stiffness S Willwacher et al. Baltich et al.
Asker C65 Hard. Chambon et al. Dixon et al. Shore A70 midsole Hard. Hardin et al. Law et al. Asker C40 Soft. The Foot. The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: A systematic review. Clinical Biomechanics,26, 23— Biomechanical factors associatedwith tibial stress fracture in female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38 2 —8. Biomechanics of Sport Shoes. First Edition. Topline Printing Inc. Calgary, Alberta. Medicine Science Sports and Exercise, 38, —8. What Is Leg Dominance?.
Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America , 13 3 , Related Papers. Download PDF. Kenji Butsugan. Isabel Sacco. Andrea N Onodera. Marco Butugan. A short summary of this paper. Biomechanical variables and perception of comfort in running shoes with different cushioning technologies.
Dinato a , Ana P. Ribeiro a , Marco K. Butugan a , Ivye L. Pereira a , Andrea N. Onodera b , Isabel C. Accepted 20 December Design: Randomized repeated measures. Outcome measures included nine items related to perception of comfort Keywords: and 12 biomechanical measures related to the ground reaction forces and plantar pressures.
Thus, in general, one cannot predict the perception of comfort of a running shoe through impact and plantar pressure received. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Up until to identify how the these loads are attenuated by the use of vari- thes, research focusing on the development of running shoes ous running shoes, and what is their relationship with histories of adopted only approaches related to the results of mechanical tests running injuries.
Dinato et al. These perceptions of comfort are closely related to 6 , evaluated by a trained physiotherapist; and had not suffered the sense that the runners have regarding the loads imposed on any musculoskeletal injuries over the last six months. All partici- their bodies during running practices.
In this way, the assessments of both magnitude of impact forces. Some authors suggested that the body comfort and biomechanical parameters were double blinded. Sim- perceptive—sensory systems are able to distinguish impacts of vari- ple drawing randomized the order of assessments for each runner ous frequencies and magnitudes, as a function of the characteristics and this order was kept for the both comfort and biomechanical of the shoe, particularly in the stiffness of their midsole.
Thus, evaluations. After It is important to note that previous studies13,16 only inves- each pre-trial adaptation, the runner rated nine aspects of the shoe tigated how the different levels in stiffness of the EVA midsole related to its comfort perceived.
Wegener, Burns, and Penkala15 investigated in-shoe 10 comfort points. Some technologies, such as air, gel, wave, forefoot width, shoe length, medio-lateral control and overall com- amongst others, have been introduced in the midsole of the shoe fort, following Mundermann et al.
The biomechanical measurement was carried out in two phases Therefore, it is important to conduct a biomechanical investiga- after the comfort evaluation. The second phase consisted of technology cushioning midsoles. In both The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship locations, the participants ran at 3.
0コメント